29 November 2005

AMH2010: UNITED STATES HISTORY I FINAL EXAMINATION (200 POINTS)

Eighty-six Multiple Choice items plus 17 for extra points (one point each), fourteen Identification (one point each), and two Essay questions (50 points each).

MULTIPLE-CHOICE (ONE POINT EACH)

The expansionist impulse of European monarchs in the latter fifteenth century was:

A) Motivated by a desire to bypass Muslim merchants in trade with Asia and Africa.

B) Temporarily subdued by the growth of Renaissance culture.

C) Nourished by population decline and civil disorder.

D) Disrupted by internal wars between bickering nobles.

Descriptions of Timbuktu in the fourteenth century refer to it as a(n):

A) Military outpost in the kingdom of Ghana.

B) Barren and inhospitable location in the Sahara.

C) City of Mali, with a distinguished faculty of scholars.

D) Major port of trade with the eastern world on the Indian Ocean.

Spanish and Portuguese explorations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries:

A) Retarded the growth of western European economies.

B) Helped soothe the Catholic-Protestant division within Christianity.

C) Shifted commercial power from Mediterranean ports to those of the Atlantic.

D) Prompted immediate competition from England and France.

The massive flow of silver bullion from the Americas to Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries:

A) Delayed further exploration of America.

B) Increased prevailing wage rates in Europe.

C) Triggered a century of inflationary pressures.

D) Hampered capitalist modes of production.

The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England in 1588:

A) Fanned a nationalistic spirit in England.

B) Increased English interest in overseas exploration and colonization.

C) Solidified Protestantism in England.

D) Brought a temporary stalemate in European religious wars.

E) All of the above.

English colonizing ventures in the New World differed from previous Spanish and Portuguese efforts in that English attempts were:

A) Immediate and major successes.

B) Privately organized and financed.

C) Met with little or no native resistance.

D) Strictly coordinated and governed by the Crown

Puritans decided to emigrate from England during the 1630s because of:

A) Religious persecution.

B) Political repression.

C) Economic depression.

D) Public degeneracy.

E) Only A) and B).

F) All of the above.

The underlying cause of the Seven Years’ War in America was the:

A) English colonial penetration of the Ohio Valley.

B) French attack on the western forces of George Washington.

C) English retaliation against western Indian attacks.

D) French takeover of the western fur trade.

Upon the outbreak of European war in the 1790s, Federalists argued that the French alliance of 1778:

A) Required American intervention against the French Revolution.

B) Had been dissolved when the French monarchy collapsed.

C) Necessitated American aid to the French war efforts.

D) Allowed American trade with belligerent powers.

E) All the above.

The most important factor for increasing the African slave trade in the New World was a(n):

A) Rise in African population.

B) Interest in punishing Muslims for their occupation of Spain.

C) Need for labor on sugar plantations.

D) Desire to take control of African gold.

In contrast to the fate of Africans enslaved in the Americas, the slaves in West African societies:

A) Lost all legal rights and opportunities for economic advancement.

B) Did not suffer a permanently servile condition.

C) Remained uneducated and unwed.

D) Transferred slave status automatically to their children.

In the seventeenth-century colonies of Virginia and Maryland, indentured servants:

A) Comprised approximately 80 percent of immigrants.

B) Comprised a minor portion of new immigrants.

C) Were highly prized and thus well-treated by their masters.

D) Transferred their servant status to any children born during their terms of indenture.

The southern transition to black slave labor in the last quarter of the seventeenth century might be explained by:

A) Growing population of landless and potentially rebellious former white servants.

B) Decreasing numbers of white Europeans willing to enter indentured servitude.

C) Increasing availability and falling prices of black slaves.

D) All of the above.

In Cahokia, the center of a vast Mississippi culture reaching its peak around 1200 C.E., Native Americans:

A) Constructed a gigantic stone temple.

B) Developed an urban center with at least 20,000 inhabitants.

C) Depended upon hunting and fishing for survival.

D) Traded only locally.

E) All of the above.

By the 1400s, the “Indians of the Americas had:

A) Adopted essentially the same language and religion.

B) Become nomadic big-game hunters.

C) Developed diverse and complex societies.

D) Fashioned a uniform system of social organization.

The population of the Americas dramatically declined following the arrival of Europeans primarily because of the:

A) Lack of natural immunity among Native Americans to European diseases.

B) Enslavement and brutal treatment of Native Americans by Europeans.

C) Loss of morale and sense of hopelessness that pervaded Native American societies.

D) Policy of systematic genocide employed by European explorers toward Native Americans.

The root cause of King Philip’s War in New England stemmed from the anger of young Wampanoags at the colonists’:

A) Refusal to sell them guns and supplies.

B) Attacks on their land base and political sovereignty.

C) Alliance with their hated enemies, the Narragansetts.

D) Unwillingness to admit Native Americans to white churches and colleges.

The British Proclamation of 1763:

A) Successfully ended an attempt by Ottawa Indians to drive the British out of the Ohio Valley.

B) Allowed western Indians the right to trade with any European merchants.

C) Ordered colonial governors to reserve lands west of the Appalachian Mountains for Indian nations.

D) Ended reckless speculation in western lands by eastern investors.

During the immediate postwar years [after the War for American Independence], most white Americans viewed the Native Americans of the interior as:

A) Equal partners in western settlement.

B) Rival members of independent nations.

C) Conquered peoples to be driven out of the way.

D) Potential converts to Christian civilization.

The economic salvation for the Virginia colony proved to be the:

A) Cultivation of tobacco.

B) Trade with the Powhatan Indians.

C) Mining of silver.

D) Invention of the cotton gin.

After experimenting with various crops [in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries], the colonists of South Carolina decided to concentrate upon the cultivation of:

A) Indigo.

B) Rice.

C) Sugar.

D) Cotton.

Colonial merchants of the early eighteenth century:

A) Exported luxury and manufactured goods to Europe, Africa, and the West Indies.

B) Typically imported more goods than Americans desired or could use.

C) Integrated American producers and consumers in the Atlantic basin trading system.

D) Engaged in the tasks of shipping and distributional services only.

Colonial America in the first half of the eighteenth century experienced:

A) A narrowing of class differences.

B) Loss of local autonomy.

C) Population growth and economic development.

D) Continual declines in church membership.

The end of the Seven Years’ War left the American colonies:

A) Economically prosperous.

B) More dependent upon British support and leadership.

C) Debt-ridden and weakened in manpower.

D) Reluctant to pursue western settlements.

The economic effects of independence included:

A) Depression, inflation, and widespread debt.

B) A booming seafaring economy now that Americans were free from British trade restrictions.

C) A rapid increase in domestic manufacturing and industry.

D) No real noticeable effects as business and trade resumed familiar patterns.

By 1786, political and economic turmoil convinced many Americans of the:

A) Inherent weaknesses of republican government.

B) Dangers of centralized power.

C) Inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation.

D) Problems of a standing army.

Hamilton intended his plan for federal assumption of state debts to:

A) Strengthen the tie between wealth and national power.

B) Increase the powers of state governments.

C) Reduce the need for federal taxation.

D) Promote the development of agrarian interests.

Hamilton appeased Southern critics of his assumption plan by offering the South:

A) Location of the future national capital.

B) Special tax incentives.

C) Repayment of some debts.

D) Location of the proposed national bank.

During the early eighteenth century, colonial assemblies:

A) Gained the “power of the purse.”

B) Lost political power to colonial governors.

C) Concentrated on the distribution of patronage.

D) Remained merely advisory bodies.

Passage of the Declaratory Act by Parliament:

A) Resolved the problems that had created the Stamp Act crisis.

B) Asserted Parliament’s power to enact laws for the colonies in “all cases whatsoever.”

C) Politicized the American resistance movement.

D) Demonstrated British desire to reach a compromise solution with the colonies on matters of taxation.

Americans objected to the Tea Act of 1773 because it would:

A) Raise the price of tea in America.

B) Bankrupt the popular East India Company.

C) Threaten free enterprise in America.

D) Increase Parliament’s taxation of tea.

The Intolerable Acts provided for all of the following EXCEPT the:

A) Individual punishment of participants in the Boston Tea Party.

B) Closing of Boston’s port until Massachusetts paid for tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party.

C) Immunity of British soldiers involved in suppressing civil disturbances from local court trials.

D) Replacement of Hutchinson as governor by the commander-in-chief of British forces in America.

Americans viewed English policies after 1763 as:

A) A systematic attack on their constitutional liberties.

B) Threats to their economic interests.

C) Evidence of English corruption.

D) Only A) and B).

E) All of the above.

The Confederation Congress proved unable to promote American overseas trade primarily because:

A) Strong monarchic governments of Europe refused to negotiate.

B) American economy had slipped into a serious depression.

C) States refused Congress the power to regulate foreign commerce.

D) Atlantic world was divided into exclusive imperial trading spheres.

The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states was the proposal for:

A) Direct election of the president.

B) Proportional rather than equal representation of the states in Congress.

C) Creation of a national judiciary.

D) A council of revision to review legislation.

As part of the Great Compromise:

A) Each state would have an equal vote in the Senate.

B) Free black Americans were accorded citizenship and the right to vote.

C) Direct taxes would be apportioned on the basis of individual wealth.

D) The national government would have the power to tax exports.

Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution because they feared:

A) The new government lacked sufficient power.

B) Loss of liberty from a corrupt, powerful government and the rise of factions.

C) Individuals possessed too much liberty.

D) It threatened the existence of slavery.

Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s argument of “implied powers” because he feared:

A) A strengthening of states rights.

B) Indefinite expansion of federal authority.

C) More revolution.

D) Too much interpretation of the Bill of Rights.

Which of Hamilton’s proposals was attacked as unconstitutional by Thomas Jefferson:

A) Federal assumption of state debts.

B) Placement of an excise tax on whiskey.

C) Creation of a national bank.

D) Passage of protective tariffs.

Alexander Hamilton viewed the Whiskey Rebellion as a(n):

A) Indication of an unjust policy needing change.

B) Minor protest unworthy of government attention.

C) Test of the administration’s ability to govern.

D) Serious threat to the public safety.

The Sedition Act of 1798 was designed by the Federalists primarily to:

A) Smother political opposition.

B) Encourage the flow of European immigrants.

C) Safeguard civil liberties.

D) Ensure the public safety.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions:

A) Indicated popular support for the Federalists’ program.

B) Proposed state nullification of unconstitutional laws.

C) Violated the Bill of Rights.

D) Obstructed enforcement of federal laws.

Because of the tie vote in the election of 1800, the election moved to:

A) The electoral college.

B) The Senate.

C) The House of Representatives.

D) The Congress.

In 1800, fully 83 percent of the American labor force was engaged in:

A) Agriculture.

B) Trade.

C) Lumbering.

D) Small-scale manufacturing.

Short-staple cotton was hardy, but it became popular only after:

A) The war of 1812 created a need for cotton cloth.

B) New lands were opened in the West.

C) The invention of the cotton gin.

D) The South recovered from the Revolutionary War.

Chesapeake planters in the late eighteenth century:

A) Earned high profits from tobacco after resuming trade with England.

B) Joined the rest of the South in raising cotton.

C) Suffered low tobacco prices and soil exhaustion.

D) Abandoned market production.

The dominant objective of federal Indian policy from 1790 to 1830 was the:

A) Protection of Native Americans from unscrupulous traders and aggressive settlers.

B) Peaceful acculturation of Native Americans into white society.

C) Military conquest of hostile and savage Native Americans.

D) Acquisition of Native American land through treaty agreements.

The message of the Second Great Awakening emphasized all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Equality of all believers before God.

B) Intellectual development of mind and soul.

C) That each person was responsible for his or her own soul.

D) Lifting up the downtrodden and doing good works.

As a result of the War of 1812:

A) Andrew Jackson emerged as a military hero and potential political leader.

B) The United States became increasingly dependent on Europe.

C) The Federalist Party enjoyed a continuing political revitalization.

D) American politics focused more clearly on sectional issues.

The American people viewed the War of 1812 as:

A) An opportunity to achieve territorial gains.

B) The “Second War of American Independence.”

C) A risky gamble to prove the power of the president.

D) An important way to assist France.

The doctrine of judicial review refers to the power of the Supreme Court to judge the:

A) Constitutionality of laws and executive behavior.

B) Merits of a case without fear of political reprisal.

C) Appropriateness of federal legislation.

D) Standards of political behavior for national officials.

As a result of the Missouri Compromise:

A) Slavery was prohibited in lands north of the Ohio River.

B) The North gained control of the House of Representatives.

C) A boundary line was established for further expansion of slavery.

D) Missouri abolished slavery before gaining admission to the Union.

A new surge of voter participation in the United States during the 1820s might be partially attributed to the:

A) Imposition of new property-holding and tax-paying restrictions.

B) Active role of state government in people’s daily lives.

C) Rejection of party activity by popular personalities.

D) Granting of women’s suffrage by new western states.

By the late 1830s, which had become the country’s granary?

A) Mississippi Valley.

B) Old Northwest.

C) Upper South.

D) Louisiana Territory.

For most Cincinnati workers before the Civil War, a manufacturing job:

A) Guaranteed a decent livelihood.

B) Depended upon worker skills.

C) Encouraged the “manly virtues.”

D) Imposed a form of “wage slavery.”

Which of the following tasks was generally NOT perceived as a proper task for antebellum American constables?

A) Patrolling the streets to preserve order.

B) Investigating health hazards.

C) Carrying out court orders.

D) Preventing crimes or discovering offenses.

Riots in Philadelphia in August 1834 stemmed primarily from:

A) Police brutality.

B) Racial tensions.

C) Nativist sentiments.

D) Economic depression.

Although the American economy developed rapidly between 1820 and 1860:

A) Industrial profits remained low due to continual demands for capital.

B) Expansion was cyclic in nature, interrupted by periods of depression.

C) The labor force became an organized and disruptive factor.

D) Americans lost the sense of pride and optimism that had prevailed in preindustrial America.

The majority of white Southerners in antebellum America owned:

A) Over fifty slaves.

B) Over twenty slaves.

C) Between one and ten slaves.

D) No slaves at all.

The invention of the cotton gin in 1793:

A) Tied the southern economy to cotton production.

B) Undermined the plantation system.

C) Slowed expansion into the Southwest.

D) Revived the subject of abolitionism.

After 1840, southern production of cotton:

A) Surpassed the corn crop in terms of total acreage.

B) Represented more than half of all American exports.

C) Harmed the interests of northern merchants and western farmers.

D) Contributed to a steady decline in the region’s per capital income.

Most whites in the antebellum South:

A) Had fewer than ten slaves by 1860.

B) Regarded slaveholding as a path to upward economic mobility.

C) Resented the political influence of white slaveholders.

D) Avoided the social stigma of slaveholding.

Preachers of the Second Great Awakening such as Charles Finney emphasized:

A) Doctrine.

B) Emotion

C) Original sin.

D) Atonement.

Prior to 1830, southerners generally defended slavery as a(n):

A) Necessary evil.

B) Positive good.

C) Historical inevitability.

D) Biblical injunction.

The campaign between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams in 1828:

A) Presented thoughtful discussion of controversial issues.

B) Failed to attract significant public interest.

C) Exposed Jackson’s lack of an effective political organization.

D) Degenerated into a nasty but entertaining contest.

As president, Andrew Jackson:

A) Asserted his power most dramatically through use of the veto.

B) Engaged in wholesale replacement of officeholders with his own supporters.

C) Supported national funding for all internal improvement projects.

D) Favored significant increases in the levels of protective tariffs.

In his Exposition and Protest, John Calhoun argued that a state has the power to:

A) Impeach the president.

B) Nullify an unconstitutional federal law.

C) Set its own tariff rates.

D) Raise a volunteer army.

Andrew Jackson argued that the national bank:

A) Played a responsible role in promoting economic expansion.

B) Should be recharted four years ahead of schedule.

C) Restrained state banks from making unwise loans.

D) Represented an example of special privilege that hurt the common man.

During the depression of the late 1830s, the:

A) Trade union movement steadily grew stronger.

B) Wages of workers fell by 30 to 50 percent within two years.

C) Prices of flour, port, and coal were cut in half.

D) Deflationary policies of President Van Buren improved conditions.

Antebellum Americans joined the temperance crusade, as they did other reform societies, largely to:

A) Circumvent intrusions of the government.

B) Escape the pressures of middle-class values.

C) Avoid public suspicion of their own beliefs and behavior.

D) Seek relief from an uncertain and changing world.

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?

A) Horace Mann—public schools improvements.

B) Dorothea Dix—mentally ill.

C) Samuel Gridley Howe—care and education of the blind.

D) Thomas Gallaudet—temperance movement.

Americans were attracted to Texas in the 1820s by the:

A) Flourishing trade in bison robes and cowhides.

B) Demand of Mexicans for American products.

C) Prospect of mining for precious metals.

D) Lure of cheap land for cotton cultivation

The American Anti-Slavery Society, formed by William Lloyd Garrison, advocated the:

A) Gradual emancipation of slaves by individual owners.

B) Colonization of free blacks in Africa.

C) Immediate and total abolition of slavery.

D) Purchase and release of slaves by the government.

The Declaration of Sentiments, drawn up in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 asserted that:

A) All men and women are created equal.

B) The proper place for a woman was in the home.

C) The improvement of mankind should be our ultimate goal.

D) Women served as society’s guardians of piety and virtue.

With the victory of San Jacinto in 1836, Texas:

A) Won recognition from the Mexican Congress.

B) Lost heroes Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie.

C) Secured admission to the United States.

D) Gained its independence from Mexico.

In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), the United States agreed to:

A) Receive $15 million in reparations from Mexico.

B) Pay $10 million for large tracts of land in New Mexico.

C) Collect all outstanding American claims against Mexico.

D) Guarantee the civil and political rights of former Mexican citizens.

In reference to the Oregon question, President Polk:

A) Recommended a continued joint occupation with Britain.

B) Supported a division of the territory at the 49^th parallel.

C) Demanded a “fifty-four forty or fight” resolution.

D) Exercised great tact and skill in achieving compromise.

Britain agreed to a division of the Oregon territory at the 47^th parallel so long as it retained possession of:

A) Vancouver Island.

B) The Puget Sound.

C) The Columbia River.

D) The Willamette Valley.

The preemption Acts during the 1830s and 1840s:

A) Reserved choice public lands for the political elite.

B) Increased the minimum amount of public land purchases.

C) Encouraged western migration by protection of “squatters’ rights.”

D) Offered free government land to prospective settlers.

Between 1848 and 1883, California gold:

A) Supplied over two-thirds of the world’s supply.

B) Transformed Los Angeles from a sleepy town into a bustling metropolis.

C) Provided equal investment opportunities for California’s minority populations.

D) Fueled the agricultural and commercial development of California and Oregon.

The primary cause for Indian-white conflict by the late 1840s was the:

A) Indian attacks on and scalpings of white emigrants.

B) Refusal by President Polk to provide compensation for lost Indian lands.

C) Destruction of Indian grass, timber, and buffalo by white emigrants.

D) Indian refusal to attend a general council to resolve problems.

The supporters of “free soil” in the territories made all of the following arguments EXCEPT:

A) Slavery was a moral evil and should not be extended.

B) Northern white farmers could not compete with large-scale slave labor.

C) Blacks should be granted equality and allowed to seek western lands.

D) The growing slave power of the South had to be restrained.

In return for various presents offered by the United States government at the Fort Laramie Council of 1851, participating Indian chiefs pledged that their tribes would:

A) Never attack white emigrants.

B) End all tribal warfare.

C) Move to lands farther west.

D) Limit their movements to prescribed areas.

According to the doctrine of “popular sovereignty,” the decision whether to permit slavery in a territory would be made by the:

A) Local territorial legislature.

B) Congress of the United States.

C) President of the United States.

D) Missouri Compromise line.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854:

A) Reopened the question of slavery in the territories.

B) Strengthened party lines on the issue of slavery.

C) Ensured the orderly settlement of Kansas.

D) Won widespread support from Whigs and abolitionists.

For Mexicans living in territory annexed by the United States, the influx of Anglos:

A) Often meant increased oppression rather than opportunity.

B) Guaranteed their land holdings would increase in value.

C) Seldom threatened the dominance of Spanish-speaking residents.

D) Made no impact on their influence and prestige.

The Ostend Manifesto, a document intended to pressure Spain to sell Cuba to the United States, was:

A) Denounced by the American ministers to Spain, France, and England.

B) Delivered to President Pierce by Secretary of State William Marcy.

C) Urged most by those who advocated the expansion of slavery.

D) Hailed by northerners as the solution to the sectional crisis.

Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854:

A) Opened the way for antislavery and proslavery forces to meet physically and compete for territory.

B) Quieted sectional conflict temporarily.

C) Determined that slavery would exist in Kansas, but not Nebraska.

D) Quickened westward expansion.

The election of a proslavery territorial legislature in Kansas in 1855:

A) Resulted from wholesale election fraud.

B) Accurately reflected popular sentiments.

C) Helped delay secession of the South.

D) Was nullified by President Pierce.

In the Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court ruled that:

A) Blacks were entitled to sue in federal courts.

B) The Missouri Compromise was constitutional.

C) Prompted a harsh criticism from President Buchanan.

D) Congress could not ban slavery in a territory.

In his raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, John Brown intended to:

A) Provoke a general uprising of slaves.

B) Free all blacks from the state prison.

C) Burn the stockpile of federal weapons.

D) Kill all the slaveholders of the region.

Northerners responded to John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry and his subsequent trial with:

A) Feelings of dread and terror.

B) Demands for his swift execution.

C) Indifference and lack of concern.

D) Outpourings of admiration and sympathy.

To secure Maryland for the Union, Lincoln:

A) Offered a declaration of emancipation.

B) Arrested and detained southern sympathizers.

C) Issued a writ of habeas corpus.

D) Sent federal troops to Baltimore.

South Carolina seceded from the Union in late 1860 in reaction to the:

A) Selection of an antislavery speaker of the House.

B) Election of a Republican candidate as president.

C) Upward revision of the tariff by the North.

D) Northern military attack on Fort Sumter.

The use of the new, longer-range rifles during the Civil War:

A) Contradicted the training offered at West Point.

B) Led to more effective use of artillery.

C) Produced a ghastly crop of dead men.

D) Reduced the emphasis on infantry attack.

The casualties from the battle at Shiloh Church were enormous because of the:

A) Surprise nature of the southern attack.

B) Foolish use of headlong infantry attacks.

C) Insufficient care of wounds on the battlefield.

D) Development of more lethal weapons and ammunition.

The New York City draft riots of 1863:

A) Resulted from extreme northern antiwar sentiment.

B) Exposed the racial and class antagonisms of northern society.

C) Led to the passage of more fair conscription laws.

D) Caused little damage and produced only minor disturbances.

At the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee:

A) Captured control of northern territory between Philadelphia and Washington.

B) Surrendered his army and supplies to General George Meade.

C) Suffered loses so heavy that he could never mount another southern offensive.

D) Ordered Pickett’s Charge as a daring escape to save his men.

As commander of the Union armies, General Ulysses S. Grant recommended a:

A) Strategy of naval and land blockades, causing economic deprivation and discontent.

B) Tactic of hit-and-run maneuvers, offsetting the defensive advantages of southern armies.

C) Policy of evasion and retreat, designed to lessen casualties and wear down the enemy.

D) Grim campaign of annihilation, using the North’s superior might to destroy southern armies and resources.

Abraham Lincoln extended presidential powers during the Civil War in all of the following ways EXCEPT the:

A) Arbitrary veto of congressional legislation.

B) Suspension of habeas corpus for southern sympathizers.

C) Removal of army generals.

D) Curtailment of freedom of the press.

For American women, the Civil War:

A) Minimized their economic importance.

B) Promoted their domestic role.

C) Provided opportunities for government service.

D) Necessitated their military enlistment.

All of the following factors contributed to the victory of the North in the Civil War EXCEPT:

A) General Grant refused to sustain heavy casualties.

B) The South failed to meet production needs.

C) Southern political beliefs undermined united efforts.

D) Southern transportation systems proved woefully inadequate.

During the Civil War, the Republicans passed legislation to:

A) Lower the tariffs on imported manufactured goods.

B) Require state financing of colleges and railroads.

C) Provide farmers access to the public domain.

D) Dismantle the national banking system.

IDENTIFICATION. (Short Answer—One Point Each.) You must type your answers on separate pages. Each answer must be in the form of a narrative that includes description, dates, and historical significance of each person, event, or term listed below. In other words, answer the following questions: Who or what, when, where, how, why, and so what? You can use Lecture Notes, textbook, notecards, etc. to answer the Identification items. Be sure to include dates, persons or institutions, locations, what happened and why, and the historical significance. Also, type the answers in narrative form.

A) Columbian Exchange.

B) Transatlantic Slave Trade.

C) The Great Awakening.

D) The Stamp Act

E) Battle of Saratoga.

F) Shays’s Rebellion.

G) Louisiana Purchase.

H) Monroe Doctrine.

I) Cult of Domesticity.

J) Panic of 1837.

K) Manifest Destiny.

L) Compromise of 1850.

M) Emancipation Proclamation.

N) Presidential Election of 1876-1877.

TWO ESSAYS. (50 Points Each—type the answer to both essays in narrative form). You must type the answer to the two questions below on separate pages. Be sure to type the answer in a comprehensive narrative (at least two pages for each essay) and avoid generalizations unless they are supported with evidence and facts. Use the Lecture Notes, textbook, your notecards, etc. to answer each question.

a. Describe and explain the rise and fall of political parties in the United States from 1787 to 1877. Be sure to include the origins, platforms, leaders, and voter support of these parties.

b. What were the causes of the Civil War, both underlying and immediate? Be sure to present detailed examples for each cause.